The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and surroundings (Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø, VKM) has, at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet; NFSA), evaluated the intake of fat-soluble vitamin within the diet. VKM has additionally assessed the results of creating most limits for fat-soluble vitamin in food supplements at one hundred, 200, 300, 600 or 800 µg/day. the previous most limit for fat-soluble vitamin of two hundred µg/day in food supplements was repealed thirty might 2017.
Vitamin K may be a vitamin needed for the carboxylation of amino acid residues in proteins that regulate clotting and bone metabolism. The present varieties of fat-soluble vitamin gift in food and supplements square measure naphthoquinone (vitamin K1) in the main created by plants, and a spread of menaquinones (vitamin K2) in the main created by microorganism. The chemical structure of fat-soluble vitamin is characterized by a alkyl group naphtoquinone ring structure assumed to be chargeable for its perform, additionally to a facet chain that differs long and degree of saturation. thanks to the variable facet chains, the various varieties of fat-soluble vitamin square measure thought to behave otherwise with relation to absorption, metabolism, bioavailability and thereby additionally harmful potential.
Dark inexperienced leaved vegetables square measure made sources of naphthoquinone. Meat and liver product offer menaquinone-4, the foremost common menaquinone in Western diets, whereas alternative menaquinones square measure found in soured foods and cheese.
An Adequate Intake (AI) of naphthoquinone of one µg/kg weight per day was set by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) in 1993 and maintained by the ecu Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2017. No dietary reference values (DRVs) are established for menaquinones thanks to poor proof. what is more, no tolerable higher intake levels (ULs) are established for any style of fat-soluble vitamin thanks to poor proof, however previous reports declared that no adverse effects related to fat-soluble vitamin consumption from food or supplements had been rumored in humans or animals. In 2003, the united kingdom skilled cluster on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM) projected a steerage level (GL) for safe higher intake of supplemental naphthoquinone of one mg/day in adults. The GL was set by applying AN uncertainty issue of ten for inter-individual variation to the supplemental dose of ten mg/day that had been consumed by eight feminine athletes (age 20-44) for thirty days with no rumored adverse effects. the united kingdom skilled cluster stressed that GLs had been derived from restricted knowledge and were less secure than safe higher levels. This GL was supported by a double-blind randomized study cited within the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (2012), within which 440 biological time ladies with osteopenia received a daily supplement of five mg naphthoquinone or placebo for up to four years with no distinction in adverse events between the randomized teams.
Corresponding GLs for youngsters and adolescents are derived by adjusting for reference body weights0.75 by adventurer et al. (2006).
The distribution of intakes of fat-soluble vitamin across age teams in Kingdom of Norway isn't known , since food composition knowledge isn't obtainable. However, habitual intakes in an exceedingly sample distribution of old and older adults in Western Kingdom of Norway were assessed within the population-based Hordaland Health Study 1997-2000, and discovered higher intakes than those calculable from dietary surveys within the alternative Nordic countries. thanks to lack of representative estimates of fat-soluble vitamin intakes within the Norwegian population, data on fat-soluble vitamin intakes from alternative Nordic countries is enclosed within the current opinion. This includes the distribution of fat-soluble vitamin intakes in Kingdom of Sweden and Republic of Finland rumored by EFSA, and therefore the distribution of fat-soluble vitamin intakes in Danmark, assessed by the Technical University of Danmark (DTU). In old and older Western Norwegians collaborating within the Hordaland Health Study 1997-2000, calculable mean intakes of total fat-soluble vitamin (denoting the add of K1+K2) ranged from 109 to 148 µg/day in four teams supported age and gender, whereas the 95-percentiles ranged from 261 to 329 µg/day. Average intakes of total fat-soluble vitamin within the alternative Nordic countries square measure within the magnitude of one hundred µg/day in adults, whereas 95-percentiles in adults square measure within the magnitude of two hundred µg/day.
To illustrate the results of creating most limits for fat-soluble vitamin at one hundred, 200, 300, 600 or 800 µg/day in food supplements, VKM has compared these levels to the age-specific GLs for supplemental naphthoquinone projected by EVM (2003). The GLs are: a thousand µg/day for adults, 870 µg/day at age 15-17 years, 670 µg/day at age 11-14 years, five hundred µg/day at age 710 years, 370 µg/day at age 4-6 years and 270 µg/day at age 1-3 years.
VKM concludes that:
In adults and adolescents 15-17 years recent, most limits of one hundred, 200, 300, 600 and 800 µg/day square measure below GL.
In adolescents 11-14 years recent, most limits of one hundred, 200, three hundred and 600 µg/day square measure below GL whereas the most limit of 800 µg exceeds GL.
In youngsters 4-10 years recent, most limits of one hundred, two hundred and three hundred µg/day square measure below GL whereas most limits of 600 µg/day and 800 µg/day exceeds GL.
In youngsters 1-3 years recent, most limits of one hundred µg/day and two hundred µg/day square measure below GL whereas most limits of three hundred, 600 and 800 µg/day exceeds GL.
VKM notes that this conclusions apply to naphthoquinone (vitamin K1) solely, whereas there's poor proof to appraise potential health consequences of most limits of menaquinones (vitamin K2).
VKM emphasises that this assessment of most limits for fat-soluble vitamin in food supplements is just supported revealed reports regarding higher levels from the IOM (2001, USA), SCF (2003, EU), EVM (2003, UK) and NNR (2012, Nordic countries). VKM has not conducted any systematic review of the literature for this opinion, as this was outside the scope of the terms of reference from NFSA.
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Vitamin K may be a vitamin needed for the carboxylation of amino acid residues in proteins that regulate clotting and bone metabolism. The present varieties of fat-soluble vitamin gift in food and supplements square measure naphthoquinone (vitamin K1) in the main created by plants, and a spread of menaquinones (vitamin K2) in the main created by microorganism. The chemical structure of fat-soluble vitamin is characterized by a alkyl group naphtoquinone ring structure assumed to be chargeable for its perform, additionally to a facet chain that differs long and degree of saturation. thanks to the variable facet chains, the various varieties of fat-soluble vitamin square measure thought to behave otherwise with relation to absorption, metabolism, bioavailability and thereby additionally harmful potential.
Dark inexperienced leaved vegetables square measure made sources of naphthoquinone. Meat and liver product offer menaquinone-4, the foremost common menaquinone in Western diets, whereas alternative menaquinones square measure found in soured foods and cheese.
An Adequate Intake (AI) of naphthoquinone of one µg/kg weight per day was set by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) in 1993 and maintained by the ecu Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2017. No dietary reference values (DRVs) are established for menaquinones thanks to poor proof. what is more, no tolerable higher intake levels (ULs) are established for any style of fat-soluble vitamin thanks to poor proof, however previous reports declared that no adverse effects related to fat-soluble vitamin consumption from food or supplements had been rumored in humans or animals. In 2003, the united kingdom skilled cluster on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM) projected a steerage level (GL) for safe higher intake of supplemental naphthoquinone of one mg/day in adults. The GL was set by applying AN uncertainty issue of ten for inter-individual variation to the supplemental dose of ten mg/day that had been consumed by eight feminine athletes (age 20-44) for thirty days with no rumored adverse effects. the united kingdom skilled cluster stressed that GLs had been derived from restricted knowledge and were less secure than safe higher levels. This GL was supported by a double-blind randomized study cited within the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (2012), within which 440 biological time ladies with osteopenia received a daily supplement of five mg naphthoquinone or placebo for up to four years with no distinction in adverse events between the randomized teams.
Corresponding GLs for youngsters and adolescents are derived by adjusting for reference body weights0.75 by adventurer et al. (2006).
The distribution of intakes of fat-soluble vitamin across age teams in Kingdom of Norway isn't known , since food composition knowledge isn't obtainable. However, habitual intakes in an exceedingly sample distribution of old and older adults in Western Kingdom of Norway were assessed within the population-based Hordaland Health Study 1997-2000, and discovered higher intakes than those calculable from dietary surveys within the alternative Nordic countries. thanks to lack of representative estimates of fat-soluble vitamin intakes within the Norwegian population, data on fat-soluble vitamin intakes from alternative Nordic countries is enclosed within the current opinion. This includes the distribution of fat-soluble vitamin intakes in Kingdom of Sweden and Republic of Finland rumored by EFSA, and therefore the distribution of fat-soluble vitamin intakes in Danmark, assessed by the Technical University of Danmark (DTU). In old and older Western Norwegians collaborating within the Hordaland Health Study 1997-2000, calculable mean intakes of total fat-soluble vitamin (denoting the add of K1+K2) ranged from 109 to 148 µg/day in four teams supported age and gender, whereas the 95-percentiles ranged from 261 to 329 µg/day. Average intakes of total fat-soluble vitamin within the alternative Nordic countries square measure within the magnitude of one hundred µg/day in adults, whereas 95-percentiles in adults square measure within the magnitude of two hundred µg/day.
To illustrate the results of creating most limits for fat-soluble vitamin at one hundred, 200, 300, 600 or 800 µg/day in food supplements, VKM has compared these levels to the age-specific GLs for supplemental naphthoquinone projected by EVM (2003). The GLs are: a thousand µg/day for adults, 870 µg/day at age 15-17 years, 670 µg/day at age 11-14 years, five hundred µg/day at age 710 years, 370 µg/day at age 4-6 years and 270 µg/day at age 1-3 years.
VKM concludes that:
In adults and adolescents 15-17 years recent, most limits of one hundred, 200, 300, 600 and 800 µg/day square measure below GL.
In adolescents 11-14 years recent, most limits of one hundred, 200, three hundred and 600 µg/day square measure below GL whereas the most limit of 800 µg exceeds GL.
In youngsters 4-10 years recent, most limits of one hundred, two hundred and three hundred µg/day square measure below GL whereas most limits of 600 µg/day and 800 µg/day exceeds GL.
In youngsters 1-3 years recent, most limits of one hundred µg/day and two hundred µg/day square measure below GL whereas most limits of three hundred, 600 and 800 µg/day exceeds GL.
VKM notes that this conclusions apply to naphthoquinone (vitamin K1) solely, whereas there's poor proof to appraise potential health consequences of most limits of menaquinones (vitamin K2).
VKM emphasises that this assessment of most limits for fat-soluble vitamin in food supplements is just supported revealed reports regarding higher levels from the IOM (2001, USA), SCF (2003, EU), EVM (2003, UK) and NNR (2012, Nordic countries). VKM has not conducted any systematic review of the literature for this opinion, as this was outside the scope of the terms of reference from NFSA.
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